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Coinbase is one of the most established cryptocurrency exchanges in the United States and, with almost 100 million verified users, one of the largest in the world. Whether you’re an experienced trader or just getting started, Coinbase has all the tools you need to buy, sell, and store cryptocurrencies.
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Coinbase NFT, a peer-to-peer marketplace will make minting, purchasing, showcasing, and discovering NFTs easier than ever. By enabling more people to join the creator economy and profit from their work, NFTs have an important role to play in this mission. Their impact is already being felt.
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NFT artists have shaken-up the traditional art world. Industries such as fashion, gaming, and music are recognizing the power of NFTs to unlock new forms of creativity and ownership. But if you’ve tried to create or purchase an NFT, you’ve probably found the user experience lacking. Just as Coinbase helped millions of people access Bitcoin for the first time in an easy and trusted way — Coinbase wants to do the same for the NFTs.
Atomic Match Coinbase
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Customers around the world discover and begin their journeys with NFTs through Coinbase. Approximately 100 million verified users, institutions and ecosystem partners in over 100 countries trust Coinbase to easily and securely invest, spend, save, earn, and use cryptocurrencies and NFTs.
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Coinbase users can trade on two platforms: the original Coinbase platform, which allows users to use U.S. dollars to purchase cryptocurrency, and Coinbase Pro. Formerly known as GDAX, Coinbase Pro has advanced charting functions and allows users to make crypto-to-crypto transactions, as well as place market, limit and stop orders.
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Cryptocurrency markets operate 24/7, so you can log in and enter a trade at any time. Purchases are available using funds in your account or directly through a connected bank account or card. Additional fees may apply depending on how you pay for your crypto purchase. Purchases are credited to your account instantly, though you may have to wait for your deposit to clear before making a withdrawal.
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Cash balances stored in Coinbase accounts are covered by FDIC insurance up to a maximum of $250,000 per customer. Two-factor authentication (2FA) is required on all Coinbase accounts for added security. You also have the option of whitelisting withdrawal addresses so your crypto can only be withdrawn to addresses on your whitelist.
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Coinbase stores 98% of their users’ cryptocurrency funds offline in a cold-storage wallet to ensure its security from theft or loss. The cold-storage wallets are kept in safety deposit boxes and vaults around the world. The Coinbase website traffic runs over fully encrypted SSL, and user’s wallets are stored using AES-256 encryption. In other words, Coinbase is very secure.
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Intelligent atomic swaps and decentralized matching in the XCARD wallet
The new era of finance — a Decentralized Finance was born when the bitcoin network mined its first block in 2009. It introduced several nonexisting features before — full transparency, decentralization, none single point of failure, trustless consensus mechanism, and transaction immutability.
A kind of crypto fashion that followed has caused a surge of users, creating demand for exchanges. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies became popular speculative instruments.
Demands for exchanging the value was more electric than technology development, making current crypto space far from its roots — trading was dominated by centralized exchanges due to the adoption of widely known mechanisms from traditional trading platforms.
Business immaturity combined with centralized custodial hot wallets caused a lot of market anomalies — fake volume creation, price manipulation, hacks and financial losses for all market participants, bringing a lack of trust for newborn phenomena.
The above-mentioned faults caused a desire to return to the roots of blockchain introduced by Satoshi in his white paper. Work has begun on decentralized exchange techniques, the most popular of which are atomic swaps. Introduced in 2013 by Tier Nolan, it started to be popular when Litecoin founder Charlie Lee announced the successful execution of an atomic swap between Litecoin and Bitcoin.
What are Atomic Swaps?
According to the bitcoin wiki, „Atomic Swaps are decentralized and trustless trades between two users of different cryptocurrencies.” If you are interested in technical details, there is plenty of documents explaining the nature of atomic swaps and possible technical implementations (like most popular — Hash-Time-Locks).
Mobilum foundation and its XCARD wallet are built on the idea of entirely decentralized finance. We want to bring a solution that does not compromise customers’ funds’ security and follows our (almost) zero fees criterion. We decided to implement Mobilum as a decentralized multichain solution working in internalizing (also) mode. We use the technology of atomic swaps, which we call „intelligent atomic swaps” because of two reasons:
First, we try to maximize the liquidity of the market by playing an active role in market making currencies on our platform. It is done by our arbitration mechanism (supported by the pricing engine) which gathers in (almost) realtime data from different liquidity providers and compares with the decentralized order book on our exchange. The arbitration mechanism tries to maximize the order matching by providing a counterparty for orders which can not be matched between XCARD users, leveraging external liquidity and XCARD liquidity pools.
Second, we want to earn profits playing actively on external liquidity brokering, minimizing costs for our users to network costs only, not affecting our profitability.
How does the Atomic Swap work in general?
Let’s say you want to exchange your Bitcoins for Litecoins with a stranger. You agree with the exchange rate, but there is a problem who sends the funds first and if you receive funds in exchange.
So you both agree to participate in Atomic Swap of Bitcoins to Litecoins. You create a special wallet (a Hash Time Lock smart contract) and move your Bitcoins for swap there, so they can be publicly inspected by the second party. Then you send a special hash (lock) to the second party, who also creates a smart contract (HTLC) using the same hash and moves his Litecoins there for your inspection. Both funds can be released using the same key you hold, but by releasing Litecoins you disclose the key so your counterparty may use it to release Bitcoins. If something is not correct (number of Bitcoins or Litecoins in those contracts) you do not disclose the key and both expire — there is no transaction. That is the big picture.
How does the Intelligent Atomic Swap work in XCARD on the Mobilum Platform?
In general atomic swaps have some limitations. Both contracts need to use the same hash algorithm, both need to implement specific smart contracts. That limits its usage to supported coins only. Another limitation is a price negotiation between parties.
In XCARD we try to avoid those limitations by implementing an XCARD originator which is a kind of smart contract notary, that holds an order book of parties willing to exchange their coins and accepted price range. The notary contract works similarly to a matching engine, when buy order matches a sell order it creates two contracts for atomic swaps for each party of the transaction. There is a defined period for each party to move a specified amount of coins for a swap to that address. When both parties move coins a swap is being made by the smart contract. If not, the atomic swap expires. The smart contract notary checks also a membership requirement of each party (just to remind, each party is required to hold 0,5% of the transaction value in MBM Token). If any of the parties do not meet the membership requirement, a smart contract notary may refill it if agreed by the party.
Why we call our atomic swaps “intelligent”?
Our smart contract notary has an algorithm that tries to match maximum orders volume having in mind parties constraints in terms of agreed swap price. To do so, it connects with our pricing engine and virtual order book to examine the best price on the market.
XCARD animates supported currencies using XCARD liquidity pools by providing a second party to the transaction that can not be matched by the platform users when it fits its pricing algorithm. Smart contract notary algorithm polls the XCARD animator service each time it uses a price engine to check whether a particular swap should be done internally (between XCARD users) or involve the XCARD liquidity pool.
Both parties may request XCARD liquidity involvement in case of a private transaction requirement. In such a case, XCARD uses its mixer functionality, which hides exact volumes and destinations of transfers (more information will be provided in another article).
Atomic swaps have a significant impact on cryptocurrencies and their holders. It gives light on bringing its “currency” nature as it allows trustless exchange and acceptance. We, XCARD are committed to providing the best available secure and decentralized environment for our customers.
What next?
We are currently working on a technical paper which describes given functionality in detail. The article will be published within a month.
About XCARD
XCARD is an all-in-one digital wallet and the most convenient crypto credit card. Our mission is to connect fiat currencies and crypto assets in real-time. You can store, trade and exchange them instantly, and spend anywhere you want, with no limitations.
Use atomic matching for complex non-backtracking
You can sometimes improve the performance of your regular expression by preventing parts of it from backtracking when you know that might be useful. Item 38. Avoid unnecessary backtracking had many techniques for this, although it did not mention atomic matching (a feature added in v5.005).
An atomic match treats a subpattern as a single unit. That entire unit matches or it doesn’t and it doesn’t allow the regex engine to backtrack into it.
Consider a pattern that matches some text, some whitespace, and some more text, where I’m using the /x to spread out the pattern with insignificant whitespace ( Item 37. Make regular expressions readable. ):
Just looking at that, you can tell that the match will fail because there are no b characters in it. It takes awhile for the regex engine to figure out that.
- The pattern starts at the beginning of the string and matches the a
- After the a, the \s+ matches all of the tab characters.
- Next the pattern need to match a b. It doesn’t match that though.
When the b part fails, the engine backs up to the previous quantifier. In this example, it matched four characters, to the engine reduces that to matching three characters then tries again. That fails because the tab character is not a b. The quantifier give up another character, but the penultimate tab is also not a b. This continues until the quantifier cannot give up anything more since it has to match at least one tab.
The rxrx program from Regexp::Debugger helps you visualize this, with the caveat that it modifies your regex so it can probe it, so take that into account when rxrx reports these steps. It reports that it takes 33 steps before the regex engine gives up.
One way to get around this is to add the non-backtracking modifier to the + quantifier, making it the ++ :
This shaves off a few steps because the + quantifier doesn’t backtrack. It gives up everything it matched and starts again from the beginning of the pattern. The pattern moves over a character and tries the entire pattern again (a move that an anchor would solve, but that’s not the point here). This time it fails in 25 steps. Imagine all of these with much later patterns and many more tabs. The backtracking can be pathological.
Another way is the atomic match group, (?> . ) . This also prevents the regex engine from backtracking, although this time it fails in 30 steps:
But this is too simple for the atomic match because its grouping a single thing with a quantifier. It’s better when you want to group something that’s complex itself. Here’s a only-slightly less simple pattern that has two zero-or-more quantifiers, which fails very quickly:
The backtracking inside a sequence of zero-or-more constructs can quickly get out of hand. Imagine a target string with thousands of bs followed by thousands of cs, but with no d in the string:
The regex engine will backtrack repeatedly through those 2,000 characters.
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Atomic order matching #2
Atomic order matching #2
Comments
Motivation:
Currently, order matching of limit orders is supported through use of batchFillOrders and batchFillOrKillOrders . While the net result of filling a pair of opposing orders with these functions is the same as an atomic match, a taker is still required to have sufficient funds to fill the first order in order to complete the transaction. This adds an unnecessary cost of capital and is especially problematic when matching very large orders. A taker without the necessary funds to fill the initial order would be required to break down the match into smaller batches, which is also an inefficient use of gas.
Proposed Solution:
Add a matchOrders function that will atomically fill valid crossing orders without requiring capital upfront. This will lower the barriers to entry of running a centralized matching engine and of arbitraging across exchanges. The requirements of this function would be:
- Takes 2 orders as input parameters
- orderA.makerToken == orderB.takerToken
- orderA.takerToken == orderB.makerToken
- msg.sender is a valid taker for both orders
- Prices of both orders cross each other
- Makers of both orders receive amounts specified by orders
- msg.sender keeps the difference
Implementation:
TODO
The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:
How will fees operate in the matchOrders function?
In a central matching model takerFee as implemented does not make much sense since the central relayer is the msg.sender and taker always. If using the makerFee field exclusively, signing the makerFee into the matching engine designated taker ‘s order on the fly could create race conditions. Prior to v2 the relayer can partial fill the matching engine designated taker ‘s order at their discretion to replicate a taker fee and side-step the signed order parameters.
In the open order book model the atomic matching mechanism is ideal for arbitrageurs to perform cross-relayer and spread arbitrage without the need of large upfront capital in every asset. Open order book relayers want to incentivize these arbitrageurs to maintenance order books and close up the arbitrage opportunities. If the takerFee is pushed on to the msg.sender there is a higher economic barrier since the arbitrageur will need to consider:
- excess received from order match (any asset) > gas (ETH) + orderA.takerFee (ZRX) + orderB.takerFee (ZRX)
Dealing with so many variables in various assets exposes the arbitrageurs to a lot of volatility risk across assets with every filled match. It is preferable that the msg.sender only needs to consider the price of gas in their calculation to incentivize filling tighter arbitrage opportunities.
A naive solution could be designating the makerOrder and takerOrder as parameters to matchOrders and enforcing respective fees. The problem with this approach is it introduces ambiguity to the order signer about if they will end up paying the makerFee or the takerFee when their order gets filled.
@ctebbe I agree using the makerFee for the taker’s order is a bit awkward. ZEIP #18 allows for what you are talking about because there is a clear distinction between the maker and taker of an order (the matcher would be sender and doesn’t pay fees).
I think in the final implementation of matchOrders , the matcher will have to pay the takerFee , though. It’s not much different than on centralized exchanged, where arbitrageurs still have to take fees into account. Anything else seems like it could be gamed. There’s no reason that a relayer should end up with partial fees only because an order was matched rather than filled directly.
@abandeali1 good point on relayer expectations re: fees. I am thinking through a way to keep matchOrders as frictionless and fair as possible for arbitrageurs on the open order book model since they are the target user of this function and necessary for order book maintenance.
Arbitrageurs (like opportunistic takers) don’t want exposure to ZRX volatility risk or management, so is there a plan to implement a generic batch function such that fee abstraction can be effectively used here? ie. the arbitrageur batches a fillOrder in front of matchOrders to acquire the needed ZRX to pay fees in a single transaction.