Sorry, you have been blocked
This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.
What can I do to resolve this?
You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.
Cloudflare Ray ID: 8193626c785c5b51 • Your IP: Click to reveal 45.84.122.38 • Performance & security by Cloudflare
Почему транзакция на Ethereum занимает много времени?
Если вы заметили резкое замедление в сети Ethereum, вы не одиноки. В ближайшем будущем, к сожалению, станет только хуже.
Последнее время сеть Ethereum оказалась настолько перегруженной, что многие транзакции занимают часы, иногда даже дни.
Виновником, по-видимому, является Tether (USDT-ETH), перешедший на блокчейн Ethereum, на долю которого в настоящее время приходится от 25% до 50% ёмкости сети.
В среду блокчейн был заполнен 100 000 транзакциями Tether примерно за семь часов. На момент написания статьи эта цифра сократилась до 100 000 транзакций примерно за 16 часов.
Переход Tether на блокчейн Ethereum происходит относительно быстро, что в будущем ещё больше перегрузит сеть. Кроме того, Tether только что запустил на Ethereum стейблкоин с поддержкой юанем.
Кроме Tether децентрализованная игровая платформа под названием FairWin также забирает на себя большой процент ёмкости сети. И не будем забывать, что Ethereum популярен среди других разработчиков DApp.
Данные Coinmetrics показывают, что блокчейн Ethereum регулярно обрабатывает удвоенное количество транзакций по сравнению с биткоином – около 600 000-700 000 в день.
В то же время в прошлом году блокчейн обрабатывал гораздо больше и достиг рекордных 1,4 миллионов транзакций.
Разница в транзакциях может объясняться тем, что такие токены, как Tether, поглощают больше газа, чем простые транзакции.
Газ — это единица, измеряющая то, что находится в разработке и сколько списывается за транзакцию. Текущий лимит в 8 миллионов газа не изменился с января 2018 года, именно тогда началась миграция Tether.
Сейчас всё чаще слышны призывы к увеличению «газового лимита», что эффективно увеличит размер блока. Для сравнения блок биткоина составляет 1-2 МБ и добывается каждые десять минут, у Ethereum он составляет примерно 800 КБ.
Чтобы его увеличить, различные майнинговые пулы должны будут проголосовать и договориться о любых изменениях, хотя сейчас это не отвечает их интересам.
Многие проблемы с газом будут решены в ходе предстоящей модернизации Стамбул. Он откроет двери для Ethereum 2.0, который, как мы надеемся, с начала следующего года начнёт решать основные проблемы масштабирования.
Understanding transaction processing speed on Ethereum blockchain
Blockchain is a great environment for future gaming applications, where everything is transparent, efficient and secure. Everybody has full ownership of their digital assets and they carry actual value in trading. In addition, no one can alter or take away their assets without their permission as long as they are in the blockchain.
Having said that, blockchain technology is still at its nascent stage and its limitation might confuse those who are new to blockchain-based applications.
Many of our players came to us with a question:
“Why is transactions on Ethereum Blockchain not instant?”
Basically, on Blockchain, there are miners who maintain blockchain and process transactions. They are paid a fee for doing so, called Gas. As data processing on Ethereum blockchain is not yet fast enough while there are already a lot of applications running on it, some transactions might take quite long to get completed. The transaction speed depends on the fee amount players are willing to pay for it.
What is Gas in detail?
Gas is a unit of measuring the computational work of running transactions on the Ethereum network. Gas can be seen as a fee of each transaction, which will be paid to blockchain miners, who help process your transactions.
- Transaction fee = Gas Limit * Gas Price
Gas Limit is the maximum amount of units of Gas you are willing to spend on a transaction. You will only spend the required amount of Gas to cover the computational resources needed for each transaction, regardless of the Gas Limit you input. Typically, Etheremon will let you know the the Gas Limit required for all transactions in game so you won’t need to worry much about this.
Gas Price is the price per unit of Gas. The higher the Gas Price, the faster your transaction will be executed (mined).
Although gas is a measurable thing, there aren’t any actual cryptocurrencies for gas. You can’t own it. When it comes to actually paying for the gas, the transaction fee charged is in a certain amount of ETH.
Some might wonder “Why is gas not called ETH directly?” There is one thing you should know Gas cost is not affected by ETH price fluctuation. If the price of Ether happens to increase, gas price can correspondingly decrease. As such, there needs to have a different term for it.
How to make transaction faster?
If the gas price you set for your transaction is too low, miners will de-prioritize your transaction. As such, you should set a gas price high enough to incentivize the network miners. Most of time, Metamask already recommends a gas price for you so you won’t need to worry of either having a failed transaction or overpaying for it.
But you can make transaction faster by increasing the Gas price. Check average Gas Price on this website: ETH Gas Station to decide what is a good number.
The explanation of Gas Price and Gas Limit can be intimidating, take a deep breath and let it infuse into you. If you are still not sure, then just follow the recommended Gas Limit and Gas Price in Metamask as it has been optimized for the best experience.
What's the transaction-throughput on Ethereum (how fast the nodes can replicate transactions, not transactions per second)
Ethereum does roughly 10-30 transactions per second (TPS), and Proof-of-Work is a bottleneck there, so Casper (proof-of-stake) should increase the TPS. What is the transaction throughput on Ethereum, how fast can the nodes disperse transactions to the entire network (ignoring how fast blocks can be built. )
1 Answer 1
Back-of-the-envelope estimate. Sharding is Ethereum’s way of achieving high TPS.
If you’re looking at the future of Ethereum, then you’re probably looking at a future involving sharding. In this case, you only have to make sure the appropriate shard gets your transaction as a propagation delay. With a group of about 100 validators per shard with each validator in the group connected to 10 other validators, you can be 2 hops away from every validator in your group. Transactions can come from either other validators or someone from outside your validator cluster. Even a naïve algorithm will «only» reduce your bandwidth by a factor of 10. I assume CPU cycles and I/O is much faster than network bandwidth.
If every node is connected to 100 other nodes, even with a large amount of overlap — say, essentially, you’re only connected to 20 nodes that are distinct from your «near neighbours», and there is one node per person on the planet, we can make some assumptions about efficient routing and find you’d never have to be more than 8 hops away from the required validator cluster. If we assume the average packet has to propagate across North America (some will be closer, some will be farther), then that’s around a half second propagation delay. If we have a well-known set of validators, we can actually directly connect to one of the ones involved in your transaction, as with a client-server architecture.
If you have validators on a 1Gbps pipe, you can receive
100Mbps’ worth of transactions in your cluster. That’s 2500 transactions per second per shard with a propagation time of the latency between you and one of the shard’s nodes + internal shard propagation delays. That’s closer to a bit over one trip around the «world», worst-case, or about 400ms.